The indigenous peoples in Taiwan refer to the inhabitants who had been living on the islands before major Han Chinese immigration began in the 17th century. These people belong to the Austronesian group. These people covers majority in Southeast Asia, originates from Taiwan in the north, extends to Easter Islands in South America in the east, and reaches Madagascar in the eastern coast of Africa in the west. The customs of Taiwan indigenous people are building elevated houses to protect against damp, insects, and snakes; keen on chewing betel nuts, good at bamboo and rattan weaving, which are also the characteristics of other Austronesian groups. There are a total of 14 indigenous groups in Taiwan that is officially recognized.
A video on the indigenous group of Taiwan:
Amis
Amis is the largest Taiwan’s indigenous groups, with a population of more than 178,000. They mainly reside in the eastern valleys and coastal areas. The group is well known for their lively singing and dancing celebration of the llisin harvest festival,
The Amis is variously classified, depending on their location, as the Nanshi, Xiuguluan, Coastal, Taitung, or Hengchun tribe. These subgroups have slightly different dialects, customs, and styles of dress. They all have a matrilineal clan structure and system of inheritance.
Atayal
The Atayal group resides in the northern part of Taiwan, and has a population of more than 81,000. They observe the gaga ancestral instruction system, which is their code of conduct and beliefs. The group has a tradition of face tattooing during their coming-of-age ceremonies. The Atayal are famous for their weaving of colorful, intricately patterned fabrics, and a woman’s skills in this area can determine her social status. Male members of the Atayal inherit their father’s first name as their last name.
Bunun
The Bunun has a population of 50,000 and they stay in the central and south-eastern mountainous regions of Taiwan. They practice shifting cultivation and also hunting. During the harvest season, the millet ceremony will be held. Other major ceremonies include the ear-shooting ceremony, a ritual in which arrows are shot at animals’ ears in the belief that this will ensure success in hunting. The Bunun are also particularly noted for their pasibutbut polyharmonic choral singing of prayers.
Kavalan
The Kavalan group lives in Taiwan’s eastern part, with a population around 1,200. They are one of the region’s original pingpu (plains) groups who migrated to the plains in Hualien and Taitung counties. Traditional Kavalan ceremonies have also been influenced by the Amis, who lives nearby. The group’s distinctive language, myths, and shamanist practices remain despite this cultural confluence. Clan chiefs are chosen by election, who can be either male or female
Paiwan
With a population of about 86,000, the Paiwan group can be split into the Ravar and the Butsul tribes. They stay in the southern Central Mountain Range, Hengchun Peninsula and the south-eastern coastal region. They are popular for their glazed beads, skill in carving wood and stone, and use of hundred-pace snake totems as decorative motifs. Once every five years, the Maleveq ceremony is held. It is believed that their ancestral spirits descend from Dawu Mountain to commune with their descendants. In the past, Paiwan society was organized in three classes namely, nobility, warriors, and commoners. Commoners plow the land and could move up to the warrior class, while the nobility were free to engage in leisurely activities such as sculpture.
Pinuyumayan
Pinuyumayan, with a population of 11,400, mainly live in the Taitung County. Two subgroups with differing dialects and customs are the Zhiben and the Nanwang. In pre-modern times, Pinuyumayan men were known for their martial skill and their boldness. Traditional shamanistic religious practices survive among the Pinuyumayan. A major role of the shaman is to interpret omens.
Rukai
The Rukai, with a population of 11,700 is distributed across Pingtung, Kaohsiung, and Taitung counties. Traditionally, they had a hierarchy of nobility and commoners. As part of their harvest ceremony in August, Rukai men bake millet dough on heated stone slabs and divine the harvest in the coming year based on the appearance of the millet cakes.
Saisiyat
The Saisiyat with a number of 5,700 are renowned for their Pastaai ceremony, conducted to commemorate the spirits of a short-statured and darker-skinned people who believed to be the earliest inhabitants of Taiwan and passed down many of their skills to the Saisiyat.
According to legend, men among the Short People sexually harassed Saisiyat women, causing the Saisiyat men to kill virtually all of them, out of jealousy. Once every 2 years, ritual chanting and dancing are performed consecutively for four nights in communities in north-western Taiwan’s Miaoli and Hsinchu state to appease the spirits of the Short People.
Sakizaya
The Sakizaya has a small population of around 350 and they reside mainly in Hualien. Due to their long close interaction with the Amis, their customs and attire have become essentially identical to those of the Amis, and intermarriage between the two groups is common. Surprisingly, they have been able to preserve their unique language.
Sediq (Seediq/Seejiq)
The Sediq group has a population of between 6,000 and 7,000. They are closely related to the Atayal in terms of language, customs, and religious observances. Similar to the Atayal, they are famous for the intricacy of their weaving and embroidery, traditionally using ramie fiber, with a preference for traditional star-like and other geometric patterns against a white background. Sediq communities observed a Waya code of conduct, which included rules for every aspect of life.
Thao
The Thao have a population around 600. They use to inhabit on Lalu Island in the middle of Sun Moon Lake but later moved to the lake’s edge and practiced “floating island” farming, whereby crops are planted on soil-bearing bamboo rafts on the lake. The Thao’s language and culture has been strongly influenced by their Atayal and Bunun neighbours.
Truku
The Truku has a population of about 25,000. They reside on the eastern coast in the Hualien and the mountainous region of Nantou. The Hualie’s famous Taroko Gorge is named after the Truku. They are closely related to the Atayal and Sediq in terms of language and customs. As in these two groups, Truku women in the past were seen to have facial tattoos. The Truku traditionally favoured white clothing with embroidered trim.
Tsou
The Tsou with a population of about 6,600 and once lived around Jade Mountain, are divided into northern and southern subgroups, varying in their dialect and customs. Their unique cultural features include the Homeyayaharvest ceremony and a taboo against hunting bears. The southern Tsou believe that their ancestral spirits reside in special mother-of-pearl beads. The beads are only taken out only when conducting religious ceremonies.
Yami
The Yami people, numbering around 3500, inhabit on Orchid Island off Taiwan’s south-eastern coast. They have developed a culture based on fishing at sea, unique among the indigenous peoples of Taiwan. A newly built boat with decorative carvings is launched with major celebration to bless the boat. A focus of Yami culture is the flying fish, which migrates annually through the waters off eastern Taiwan, which the Yami depend upon for survival. Religious ceremonies are conducted during which prayers are chant for an abundance of flying fish. Traditionally, the Yami live in houses of stone and wood built on “shelves” cut out of stony hillsides, a practice that helps maintain coolness in summer and retain warmth in winter. A unique tradition of the Yami is the women’s hair-swinging dance
A video about the verge of losing indigenous groups in Taiwan:
Reference:
- GIO, Republic of China(Taiwan), An Overview of Taiwan’s Indigenous Groups Retrieved on 4 December, 2010 from http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/culture/indigenous/
- Taiwan Indigenous Culture Park, Taiwan Indigenous People. Retrieved on 5 December, 2010 from http://www.tacp.gov.tw/tacpeng/home02_3.aspx?ID=$3001&IDK=2&EXEC=L
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